Why do humans eat so much meat? | Environment | All topics from climate change to conservation | DW

Humans have been eating meat since the prehistoric age, consuming ever more of it as time has worn on. Over the past 50 years alone, we have quadrupled global production to roughly 350 million tons annually, according to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).  

And the trend shows no sign of abating.  Current predictions suggest we will be producing up to 455 million tons a year by 2050.

Inefficient food source 

Scientists have long raised concerns about the environmental impact of this love affair, particularly with regard toindustrially farmed animals, and have deemed it an “inefficient” food source, on the basis that it requires more energy, water and land to produce than other things we eat.  

Infografik Auswirkung Lebensmittel-Industrie an Klima EN

A study on the impact of farming for instance found beef production is responsible for six times more greenhouse gas emissions and requires 36 times more land compared to the production of plant protein, such as peas.

Avoiding meat and dairy products is the biggest way to reduce our environmental impact on the planet, the study concludes. Without meat and dairy consumption, global farmland use could be reduced by more than 75%.

What’s more, 60% of global biodiversity loss is caused by meat-based diets, according to World Wildlife Fund (WWF) sources.

The psychology behind eating meat 

Yet, many of us continue to eat meat regardless. Benjamin Buttlar, a social psychologist from the University of Trier, Germany, attributes this to habit, culture and perceived needs. 

“I think a lot of people just enjoy the taste. And the other thing is the identity part of eating. Many traditional cuisines revolve around certain meat dishes,” he said, adding that the habitual nature of eating animals means we often don’t even question what we are doing.  

“And most of the time, these habits prevent us from thinking that meat consumption is actually bad because it’s just something that we do all the time,” he said. 

Freshly slaughtered pigs are hanging in a cold warehouse

We don’t usually see how animals are slaughtered

Then there’s the fact that because what we are eating doesn’t remind us of an animal or the suffering it has gone through on the way to the plate, we are able to dissociate more easily. Yet when confronted with a different perspective, whether in talking to a vegetarian or a vegan or watching a documentary about animal welfare, Buttlar says we might feel a need to justify ourselves, for example, by saying humans have always eaten meat.

Research shows that justifying eating meat as a natural, normal and necessary part of our diet is something that’s more typical for males.

“You see this in the trends of food,” Buttlar explained. “There are a lot more young females and fewer men who are becoming vegetarian because it’s still a masculine stereotype that men eat meat. And this goes back to the idea of strong men hunting and evolutionary misconceptions around meat consumption.”  

The ‘meat made us human’ hypothesis 

Scientists long believed that eating meat helped our ancestors develop more human-like body shapes and that eating meat and bone marrow gave the Homo Erectus the energy it needed to form and feed a larger brain around 2 million years ago.

But a recentstudy questioned the importance of meat consumption in our evolution. 

The study authors argued that while the archaeological evidence for meat consumption increases in step with the appearance of H. erectus, this could also be explained by the greater attention given to the time period. Or, put another way, a sampling bias. 

1.5 million year old butchered animal fossil bone from Koobi Fora, Kenya

The study counted the number of fossils and the number of butchered bones found at major research areas in eastern Africa dating 2.6 million to 1.2 million years ago

The more paleontologists went looking for archaeological evidence of butchered bones, the more they found it. As a result, the increase in bones seen during this time is not necessarily evidence of an explosion in meat eating, the authors wrote.  

“I was definitely very surprised by this finding,” said Briana Pobiner, a paleoanthropologist at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in the US and study co-author. “I was one of those people for a long time that had this narrative that H. erectus evolved because meat eating increased, and so these findings are something that forced me to reexamine my perception of our evolutionary history.” 

What role did plant-based food play in our evolution? 

Eating meat may not have been responsible for supersizing our brains either, according to Pobiner, who researches the evolution of human diet.  

“We don’t see a big increase in brain size around the time that meat eating started. The brain size got absolutely bigger with H. erectus, but it actually didn’t get relatively bigger — so a much bigger brain compared to the body size — until about a million years ago.”  

Skull of a homo erectus

Eating meat may not have been the reason why the brains of our ancestors grew

There is some evidence that early humans started cooking their food around the time their brains were getting bigger. Heating food unlocks extra nutrients and speeds up the process of digestion because food is softer and easier to chew.   

Pobiner also believes human evolution is attributable to a healthy dietary mix.  

“And interestingly, there are ideas that it’s not so much one particular type of food that drove our evolutionary history, but it’s really being able to eat a wide variety of foods that made us so successful and that kind of made us human,” Pobiner said.

Currently, 75% of the world’s food comes from only 12 plants and five animal species. But when humans consume too much of a single food source, it can cause health problems. 

“Innumerable studies show that when human beings consume animal protein, it is linked to the development of a variety of cancers,” Dr. Milton Mills, an internal medicine and critical care physician in the US, told DW.

Some people argue that vegetarians or vegans typically do not get enough protein and nutrients from their diets, but Mills, who is an advocate for plant-based diets and founded his own website to raise awareness of the issue, disagrees.

“Those theories originated 50, 60 years ago, when people were under the mistaken impression that meat was somehow more nutritious than plant foods. That was a grotesquely false misconception that people used to have, that there are only certain amino acids that you could get from animal tissue. That is flatly not true,” said Mills. 

What’s next? 

If the appetite for meat remains unchanged, the world population could be too big to feed itself by 2050, when we’ll reach a global population of almost 10 billion. 

But how can levels of global meat consumption be reduced? Psychologist Buttlar believes incremental change with “top-down intervention” is the way forward.

“For instance, by making meat products as expensive as they should be for securing animal welfare and in terms of costs for the climate. And by making alternatives cheaper,” he said. 

What’s also important, according to Buttlar, is enabling people to have positive associations with plant-based alternatives.

“Instead of pushing them away by saying, ‘you shouldn’t eat meat,’ we should probably say, ‘have you tried this? This is really good.’ And once they realize plant-based food tastes the same or even better, and it’s even better for my health, for the climate, and animal welfare, then change will come automatically.”

Changing attitudes are already becoming apparent, even in meat-loving Germany. According to the statistics for 2021, the market for meat alternatives is thriving with a 17% increase in the production of plant-based foods compared to 2020. 

  • Beyond Meat Burger, at Dodger Stadium

    Veggie discs and bloody beets: Future of meat

    Big appetite

    With climate concerns growing, many people are trying to reduce their environmental impact. Increasingly, they’re turning to plant-based meats — and investors are taking notice. When Beyond Meat debuted on Wall Street in early May, share prices more than doubled the first day. “Investors recognize … a huge business opportunity,” Bruce Friedrich, director of the Good Food Institute, told AFP.

  • An Original Impossible Burger, left, and a Cali Burger, from Umami Burger, are shown in this photo in New York (picture-alliance/AP Photo/R. Drew)

    Veggie discs and bloody beets: Future of meat

    Spot the difference

    Backed by Microsoft founder Bill Gates and stars like Leonardo DiCaprio, meat alternatives including Beyond Meat and Impossible Burger, seen here at left, use new food technology and ingredients like peas, fava beans and soy. Unlike earlier veggie burgers, these meatless patties are said to taste, look, smell and even “bleed” like real meat (the secret is beet juice). They can also be healthier.

  • A herd of cows in Brazil

    Veggie discs and bloody beets: Future of meat

    Good for the planet

    But eating less meat isn’t just a healthy decision. A 2018 WWF report said cutting animal products from diets would be a “relatively easy and cheap way” to fight climate change. A study by the University of Michigan found the Beyond Burger generates 90% less greenhouse gas emissions, requires 46% less energy to produce and has far less of an impact on water scarcity and land use than a beef patty.

  • A shopper chooses a package of Beyond Meat brand Beyond Sausage from a cooler in a supermarket in New York

    Veggie discs and bloody beets: Future of meat

    Crowded market

    Beyond Meat is already sold in thousands of US supermarkets and restaurants, and major brands are also looking for a piece of the action. Nestle launched its take on the beef patty in Europe in April, and Unilever took over Dutch plant-based meat producer The Vegetarian Butcher in late 2018. Burger King is rolling out a Beyond Meat option US-wide, and McDonald’s is testing its own vegan burger.

  • Large fields of soy are seen near the city of Santarem in the Brazilian state of Para

    Veggie discs and bloody beets: Future of meat

    Not all positive

    Industrialized soy crops have been flagged as a contributing factor to widespread deforestation. As Brussels-based environment group Fern points out, more than 1 million square kilometers of land are used to grow soy, almost three times the size of Germany. Only a very small percentag of this, however, is used in meat alternatives. Most goes to animal feed.

  • Packages of Beyond Meat brand in a supermarket freezer

    Veggie discs and bloody beets: Future of meat

    Health food?

    There are also nutritional concerns about these highly processed foods. Leading brands can have more than double the saturated fat and as much as seven times the amount of sodium as a lean beef burger. And environmental groups are worried about Impossible Burger’s inclusion of GMO yeast, which adds a meaty flavor. Excessive consumption has been linked to cancer — but that goes for real meats too.

  • A plate full of white sausage and pretzel in Bavaria (picture-alliance/dpa)

    Veggie discs and bloody beets: Future of meat

    Today’s special: Quorn tubes

    In Europe, meat alternatives may soon have to be sold as “discs,” “tubes” and “slabs” as opposed to burgers, sausages and steaks. The EU Parliament’s agriculture committee has backed a move to ban producers of vegetarian food from using terms that usually describe meat. The full parliament is yet to vote on the measure however.

    Author: Martin Kuebler


Edited by: Jennifer Collins and Tamsin Walker

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